Different surface regions, joint regions, Palpable Bony areas or prominences of the body of the animal

Surface Regions and Joint Regions

Surface Regions

• Cranial Region:
  • Involves the skull and facial bones; important for assessing neurological function and trauma.
• Facial Region:
  • Includes the muzzle, eyes, and ears; palpation can help identify dental issues, abscesses, or fractures.
• Neck Regions:
  • Dorsal (top), lateral (sides), and ventral (underside) regions; important for examining the trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels.
• Thoracic Regions:
  • Includes the presternal (front of the sternum), sternal (sternum area), and costal (ribs) regions; critical for respiratory assessments and heart sounds.
• Abdominal Regions:
  • Divided into cranial (upper), middle (mid-abdomen), and caudal (lower) abdominal regions; palpation helps assess organ size and detect abnormalities (e.g., masses, fluid).
• Pelvic Region:
  • Area around the pelvis; important for reproductive examinations and assessing pelvic fractures.
• Forelimb Regions:
  • Scapular (shoulder), brachial (upper arm), antebrachial (forearm), and forepaw regions; useful for assessing limb injuries or lameness.
• Hindlimb Regions:
  • Femoral (thigh), crural (lower leg), and hindpaw regions; important for evaluating joint health and mobility.

Joint Regions

• Shoulder Joint:
  • Connects the scapula and humerus; important for assessing mobility and joint health.
• Elbow Joint:
  • Connects the humerus, radius, and ulna; commonly examined for elbow dysplasia and arthritis.
• Hip Joint:
  • Connects the pelvis and femur; crucial for evaluating hip dysplasia and joint stability.
• Knee Joint (Stifle):
  • Connects the femur, tibia, and patella; often assessed for ligament injuries (e.g., cranial cruciate ligament).
• Ankle Joint (Tarsus):
  • Connects the tibia, fibula, and tarsal bones; important for evaluating mobility and injuries.

Palpable Bony Areas or Prominences

• Common Palpable Bony Areas:
  • Scapula: Important for assessing shoulder injuries.
  • Humerus: Palpation helps evaluate fractures or dislocations.
  • Radius and Ulna: Useful for assessing forelimb injuries.
  • Pelvis: Important for reproductive assessments and pelvic fractures.
  • Femur: Palpation helps assess hip and thigh injuries.
  • Tibia and Fibula: Useful for evaluating lower leg injuries.
  • Vertebrae: Important for assessing spinal injuries and alignment.

Palpable Lymph Nodes

• Superficial Lymph Nodes:
  • Mandibular Lymph Nodes: Located near the jaw; assessed for dental infections and lymphadenopathy.
  • Parotid Lymph Nodes: Near the ear; important for evaluating infections and tumors.
  • Superficial Cervical Lymph Nodes: In the neck; assessed for respiratory infections and systemic diseases.
  • Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes: In the groin area; evaluated for reproductive and urinary tract infections.
  • Popliteal Lymph Nodes: Behind the knee; assessed for hind limb infections and tumors.
• Deep Lymph Nodes:
  • Bronchial Lymph Nodes: In the thoracic cavity; important for respiratory assessments.
  • Deep Inguinal Lymph Nodes: In the groin area; evaluated for pelvic and abdominal infections.

Palpable Arteries

• Common Arteries for Palpation:
  • Femoral Artery: Located in the groin; assessed for pulse and circulation.
  • Radial Artery: Found at the wrist; used for pulse assessment.
  • Carotid Artery: In the neck; assessed for pulse and blood flow.
  • Brachial Artery: Located in the upper forelimb; important for pulse assessment.

Surface Veins for Venepuncture

• Common Sites for Venepuncture:
  • Cephalic Vein: Located in the forelimb; commonly used for blood collection and catheter placement.
  • Jugular Vein: In the neck; often used for larger volume blood draws and intravenous catheterization.
  • Saphenous Vein: In the hindlimb; used for blood collection, especially in cats.
  • Femoral Vein: In the groin area; utilized for blood collection in larger animals.

Sites for Collection of Bone Marrow

• Common Sites:
  • Iliac Crest: Pelvic bone area; commonly used for bone marrow aspiration.
  • Sternum: Breastbone area; used for bone marrow collection, especially in small animals.
  • Proximal Humerus: Upper forelimb bone; an alternative site for bone marrow aspiration.

Sites for Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

• Common Sites:
  • Lumbosacral Region: Between the lumbar vertebrae; the most common site for CSF collection.
  • Cisterna Magna: At the base of the skull; used for CSF collection in larger animals.
  • Atlanto-occipital Space: Between the skull and the first cervical vertebra; another site for CSF collection.
• Point wise shorts notes

Surface Regions and Joint Regions

Surface Regions

• Cranial Region: Head and skull; assess neurological function.
• Facial Region: Muzzle and eyes; check for dental issues.
• Neck Regions: Dorsal, lateral, ventral; examine trachea and blood vessels.
• Thoracic Regions: Presternal, sternal, costal; assess respiratory health.
• Abdominal Regions: Cranial, middle, caudal; palpate organs for abnormalities.
• Pelvic Region: Around the pelvis; evaluate reproductive health.
• Forelimb Regions: Scapular, brachial, antebrachial, forepaw; assess limb injuries.
• Hindlimb Regions: Femoral, crural, hindpaw; evaluate joint health.

Joint Regions

• Shoulder Joint: Scapula and humerus; assess mobility.
• Elbow Joint: Humerus, radius, ulna; check for dysplasia.
• Hip Joint: Pelvis and femur; evaluate for hip dysplasia.
• Knee Joint (Stifle): Femur, tibia, patella; assess for ligament injuries.
• Ankle Joint (Tarsus): Tibia, fibula, tarsal bones; evaluate mobility.

Palpable Bony Areas or Prominences

• Scapula: Shoulder blade; assess shoulder injuries.
• Humerus: Upper forelimb; evaluate fractures.
• Radius and Ulna: Forearm bones; assess injuries.
• Pelvis: Hip bones; evaluate reproductive health.
• Femur: Thigh bone; assess hip and thigh injuries.
• Tibia and Fibula: Lower leg bones; evaluate injuries.
• Vertebrae: Spinal column; assess spinal injuries.

Palpable Lymph Nodes

• Mandibular Lymph Nodes: Near the jaw; check for infections.
• Parotid Lymph Nodes: Near the ear; evaluate for tumors.
• Superficial Cervical Lymph Nodes: In the neck; assess for respiratory infections.
• Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes: In the groin; evaluate for urinary tract infections.
• Popliteal Lymph Nodes: Behind the knee; assess hind limb infections.

Palpable Arteries

• Femoral Artery: In the groin; assess pulse and circulation.
• Radial Artery: At the wrist; used for pulse assessment.
• Carotid Artery: In the neck; assess pulse and blood flow.
• Brachial Artery: In the upper forelimb; important for pulse assessment.

Surface Veins for Venepuncture

• Cephalic Vein: In the forelimb; commonly used for blood collection.
• Jugular Vein: In the neck; used for larger volume blood draws.
• Saphenous Vein: In the hindlimb; used for blood collection in cats.
• Femoral Vein: In the groin; utilized for blood collection in larger animals.

Sites for Collection of Bone Marrow

• Iliac Crest: Pelvic bone; common site for aspiration.
• Sternum: Breastbone; used for bone marrow collection.
• Proximal Humerus: Upper forelimb; alternative site for aspiration.

Sites for Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

• Lumbosacral Region: Between lumbar vertebrae; common site for CSF collection.
• Cisterna Magna: Base of the skull; used for CSF collection.
• Atlanto-occipital Space: Between skull and first cervical vertebra; another site for CSF collection.