General Angiology, Neurology and Aesthesiology

General Angiology

Introduction to Angiology

• Definition: Angiology is the study of the circulatory system, including arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels.
• Focus: Preventing, diagnosing, and treating lymphatic and blood vessel related diseases.

Structure of the Heart

• Components:
  • Four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
  • Heart valves: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves.
• Function: Pumps blood throughout the body, maintaining circulation.

General Plan of Circulations

• Systemic Circulation:
  • Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the aorta to the body.
  • Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium.
• Pulmonary Circulation:
  • Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via pulmonary arteries.
  • Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.

Lymphatic System

• Function: Transports lymph, a fluid containing white blood cells, and plays a role in immune function and fluid balance.
• Components: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph fluid.

Venous System

• Function: Returns deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.
• Components: Deep veins, superficial veins, and venous sinuses.

Vascular Diseases

• Arterial Diseases: Narrowing, occlusion, dilatation or weakening of arteries, often due to atherosclerosis.
• Lymphatic Diseases: Lymphedema caused by reduced lymph transport and accumulation of lymph and proteins.
• Microcirculation Anomalies: Changes in temperature and color of skin, sometimes with pain, such as in Raynaud’s phenomenon.

Vascular Medicine

• Vascular Exams: Duplex ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), angiography, Doppler, plethysmography, tcPO2, capillaroscopy, functional testing (treadmill), and lymphofluoroscopy.
• Interventional Angiology: Percutaneous, x-ray-based endovascular catheter interventions for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Introduction to Neurology

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Components: Brain and spinal cord.
• Function: Processes sensory information and coordinates body functions.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Components: Nerves outside the CNS.
• Divisions:
  • Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements.
  • Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary functions.

Autonomic Nervous System

• Divisions:
  • Sympathetic Division: Prepares the body for “fight or flight” responses.
  • Parasympathetic Division: Manages “rest and digest” functions.

Sense Organs

• Function: Detect environmental stimuli and send signals to the brain.
• Includes: Eyes (vision), ears (hearing), nose (smell), tongue (taste), and skin (touch).

Formation of Spinal Nerve

• Process: Formed by the union of sensory (dorsal) and motor (ventral) nerve roots from the spinal cord.

Structure of Meninges

• Layers:
  • Dura Mater: Tough outer layer.
  • Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer with a web-like structure.
  • Pia Mater: Delicate inner layer that adheres to the brain and spinal cord.

Structure of the Brain

• Regions:
  • Cerebrum: Responsible for higher brain functions (thought, memory).
  • Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
  • Brainstem: Controls basic life functions (breathing, heart rate)

Point wise shorts notes

General Angiology

Introduction to Angiology

• Definition: Study of the circulatory system (arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels).
• Focus: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.

Structure of the Heart

• Components:
  • Four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
  • Valves: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic.
• Function: Pumps blood throughout the body.

General Plan of Circulations

• Systemic Circulation: Oxygenated blood from left ventricle to the body; deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium.
• Pulmonary Circulation: Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs; oxygenated blood returns to left atrium.

Lymphatic System

• Function: Transports lymph (contains white blood cells); plays a role in immune function and fluid balance.
• Components: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes.

Venous System

• Function: Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
• Components: Deep veins, superficial veins, venous sinuses.

Vascular Diseases

• Arterial Diseases: Atherosclerosis, narrowing, occlusion.
• Lymphatic Diseases: Lymphedema.
• Microcirculation Anomalies: Changes in skin temperature and color.

Vascular Medicine

• Exams: Duplex ultrasound, angiography, Doppler, plethysmography.
• Interventional Angiology: Endovascular catheter interventions.

Introduction to Neurology

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Components: Brain and spinal cord.
• Function: Processes sensory information; coordinates body functions.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Components: Nerves outside the CNS.
• Divisions:
  • Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary control.
  • Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary control.

Autonomic Nervous System

• Divisions:
  • Sympathetic Division: “Fight or flight” response.
  • Parasympathetic Division: “Rest and digest” functions.

Sense Organs

• Function: Detect stimuli; send signals to the brain.
• Includes: Eyes (vision), ears (hearing), nose (smell), tongue (taste), skin (touch).

Formation of Spinal Nerve

• Process: Union of sensory (dorsal) and motor (ventral) nerve roots.

Structure of Meninges

• Layers:
  • Dura Mater: Tough outer layer.
  • Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer.
  • Pia Mater: Delicate inner layer.

Structure of the Brain

• Regions:
  • Cerebrum: Higher brain functions (thought, memory).
  • Cerebellum: Movement coordination.
  • Brainstem: Basic life functions (breathing, heart rate).