Principles and application of Radiography and Ultrasound for bones and soft tissues.

Radiography Principles

• Radiographic images are two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional anatomy
• Proper positioning and exposure are critical for diagnostic quality images
• Systematic evaluation of radiographs is important to avoid missing lesions

Applications for Bones

• Evaluate fractures, dislocations, and other bony abnormalities
• Assess joint conformation and detect osteoarthritis
• Diagnose developmental orthopedic diseases like hip/elbow dysplasia

Applications for Soft Tissues

• Evaluate the thoracic cavity for masses, fluid, or other abnormalities
• Assess the abdomen for organomegaly, masses, or foreign bodies
• Diagnose muscle, tendon, and ligament injuries

Ultrasonography Principles

• Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images
• Requires direct contact with the skin using a coupling gel
• Provides excellent soft tissue detail but limited bony detail

Applications for Bones

• Evaluate articular cartilage and subchondral bone
• Assess tendon and ligament insertions on bone

Applications for Soft Tissues

• Evaluate the heart and great vessels
• Assess abdominal organs and detect masses or fluid
• Diagnose muscle, tendon, and ligament injuries
• Guide aspiration or biopsy procedures

Point wise shorts notes

Radiography

Principles

• 2D Representation: Produces two-dimensional images of three-dimensional structures.
• Positioning and Exposure: Critical for obtaining diagnostic-quality images.
• Systematic Evaluation: Important to avoid missing lesions.

Applications for Bones

• Fractures: Evaluate and diagnose fractures and dislocations.
• Joint Assessment: Assess joint conformation and detect osteoarthritis.
• Developmental Diseases: Diagnose conditions like hip and elbow dysplasia.

Applications for Soft Tissues

• Thoracic Imaging: Evaluate for masses, fluid, or abnormalities in the thoracic cavity.
• Abdominal Imaging: Assess for organomegaly, masses, or foreign bodies.
• Soft Tissue Injuries: Diagnose muscle, tendon, and ligament injuries.

Ultrasonography

Principles

• High-Frequency Sound Waves: Uses sound waves to create real-time images.
• Contact with Skin: Requires coupling gel for effective imaging.
• Soft Tissue Detail: Excellent for soft tissue imaging; limited bone detail.

Applications for Bones

• Articular Cartilage: Evaluate cartilage and subchondral bone.
• Tendon and Ligament Insertions: Assess insertions on bone.

Applications for Soft Tissues

• Cardiac Assessment: Evaluate the heart and great vessels.
• Abdominal Organs: Assess abdominal organs for masses or fluid.
• Soft Tissue Injuries: Diagnose muscle, tendon, and ligament injuries.

Guided Procedures: Assist in aspiration or biopsy procedures