AGB Complete Test 1

1. Who is known as the “Father of Animal Breeding” and emphasized the principles “Like begets like” and “Breed the best to the best”?

2. Which scientist first conducted successful artificial insemination (A.I.) in dogs, resulting in the birth of three pups?

3. What significant contribution did J.D. Watson and F.H.C. Crick make to genetics in 1953?

4. Which year marks the rediscovery of Mendel’s principles by scientists De Vries, Von Tschermark, and Correns?

5. What was the name of the first cloned sheep, and which institution led the research?

6. In which year did the formal launch of the international Human Genome Project take place?

7. If you were to arrange the chromosome numbers of a cat, a pig, and a rabbit in ascending order, which sequence would be correct?

8. What is the diploid chromosome number in a river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)?

9. Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?

10. Which structure is responsible for the separation of sister chromatids during mitosis?

11. Which phase of the cell cycle is known for rapid cell growth and preparation for mitosis?

12. What is the role of the synaptonemal complex during meiosis?

13. During which stage of prophase I does crossing over occur?

14. What is the primary purpose of mitosis?

15. What is the key event during anaphase of mitosis?

16. Which process during meiosis contributes to genetic variation?

17. What is the structure formed by the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis called?

18. Which phase of meiosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?

19. What is the key difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?

20. What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

21. Which of the following statements about chromosomes is correct?

22. What is the primary role of genes within DNA?

23. In a non-replicating diploid cell, homologous chromosomes:

24. Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

25. The Law of Segregation states that:

26. In a monohybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

27. Which of the following is true about a test cross?

28. What is the genotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross in the F2 generation?

29. Which of the following statements about alleles is correct?

30. Which of the following describes incomplete dominance?

31. In the case of codominance, what is observed in the phenotype?

32. Which of the following is an example of multiple alleles?

33. In the context of epistasis, what does the term “epistatic gene” refer to?

34. Which of the following is true about pleiotropy?

35. What is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross involving complementary gene action?

36. In Labrador retrievers, which genetic interaction results in a yellow coat color?

37. Which of the following is a characteristic of polygenic inheritance?

38. In the case of sex-linked inheritance, which chromosome typically carries the genes for X-linked traits?

39. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation for a trait exhibiting incomplete dominance?

40. Which of the following is an example of extranuclear inheritance?

41. Which type of gene interaction results in a 12:3:1 phenotypic ratio?

42. What is the effect of a lethal allele in a population?

43. Which of the following best describes sex-influenced traits?

44. In the context of gene interactions, what does “penetrance” refer to?

45.   Match the following genetic concepts with their descriptions:

Genetic Concepts:

1. Incomplete Dominance
2. Codominance
3. Epistasis
4. Polygenic Inheritance

Descriptions:

A) One gene can mask the expression of another gene at a different locus, affecting the phenotype.
B) Traits are controlled by multiple genes, resulting in a range of phenotypic outcomes, often showing continuous variation.
C) Both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote, with both traits appearing simultaneously.
D) The heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate of the two homozygous phenotypes (blended trait).

46. Match the following genetic ratios with their corresponding genetic interactions: 

47. Match the following inheritance patterns with their examples: 

48. Match the following terms with their definitions: 

Genetic Terms:

1. Dominant Epistasis
2. Recessive Epistasis
3. Sex-Limited Traits
4. Sex-Influenced Traits

Descriptions:

A) A trait is expressed only in one sex, even though both sexes carry the gene for it.
B) The homozygous recessive allele at one locus masks the expression of alleles at a second locus.
C) A dominant allele at one locus masks the expression of alleles at another locus.
D) The expression of a trait is influenced by the sex of the individual, with different dominance patterns in males and females.

49. Match the following genetic phenomena with their characteristics: 

Phenomena

1. Complete Penetrance
2. Variable Expressivity
3. Lethal Alleles
4. Sex-Linked Inheritance

Characteristics:

A) An allele exhibits 100% expression in individuals who inherit it, meaning all carriers show the associated trait or disorder.
B) A gene exhibits a range of phenotypic expressions, even among individuals with the same genotype.
C) An allele can cause death before the organism reaches reproductive age, resulting in a loss of that allele from the population.
D) The inheritance of a trait is linked to the sex chromosomes, often leading to different expression patterns in males and females.

50. The chromosome number of male sheep is:

51. Chromosome number of cattle is:

52. The distance between two base pairs on DNA strand is:

53. Which of the following acts as start codon during translation process?

54. During which phase of mitotic cell division, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear?

55. Which of the following RNAs is involved in the selection of proteins for export?

56. Which of the following forms of double helical DNA, polynucleotide are in the form of right handed helix?

57. The factor responsible for initiating cell division is:

58. Crossing over takes place between:

59. The type of cell division which takes place only once in cell’s lifetime, is called:

60. Crossing over takes place in:

61. What happens in crossing over?

62. Chromosome which do not have centromere is called:

63. Diagrammatic representation of the karyotype is called:

64. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative traits?

65. In animal breeding, what does the term “heterosis” refer to?

66. Which of the following is NOT a method of estimating heritability?

67. What is the primary purpose of progeny testing in animal breeding?

68. Which of the following best describes the concept of “genetic drift”?

69. What is the main advantage of using artificial insemination in animal breeding?

70. In a breeding program, what does the term “selection intensity” refer to?

71. Which of the following is an example of a sex-limited trait in livestock?

72. What is the primary purpose of a breeding soundness examination in bulls?

73. In animal breeding, what does the term “genetic marker” refer to?

74. Which of the following is NOT a component of the genetic variance?

75. What is the primary goal of conservation genetics in animal breeding?

76. In animal breeding, what does the term “genotype by environment interaction” refer to?

77. Which of the following best describes the concept of “genetic load” in a population?

78. What is the primary purpose of using molecular markers in animal breeding?

79. In animal breeding, what does the term “effective population size” refer to?

80. Which of the following is a characteristic of quantitative trait loci (QTLs)?

81. What is the primary advantage of genomic selection in animal breeding?

82. Which of the following best describes the concept of “genetic correlation” between traits?

83. In animal breeding, what is the primary purpose of crossbreeding systems?

84. What does the term “breeding value” represent in animal genetics?

85. Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the accuracy of genetic evaluations?

86. What is the primary purpose of using genetic markers in parentage verification?

87. In animal breeding, what does the term “genetic gain” refer to?

88. Which of the following best describes the concept of “gene flow” in population genetics?

89. What is the primary purpose of using embryo transfer in animal breeding programs?

90. In animal breeding, what does the term “selection differential” refer to?

91. Which of the following is a characteristic of marker-assisted selection (MAS)?

92. What is the primary purpose of using DNA parentage testing in animal breeding?

93. In animal breeding, what does the term “genetic distance” refer to?

94. Which of the following best describes the concept of “genetic hitchhiking”?

95. What is the primary purpose of using SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) chips in animal breeding?

96. In animal breeding, what does the term “selection limit” refer to?

97. Which of the following is NOT a method of genetic improvement in livestock?

98. What is the primary advantage of using genomic selection over traditional genetic evaluation methods?

99. In animal breeding, what does the term “gene editing” refer to?

100. Which of the following best describes the concept of “genetic architecture” of a trait?

101. Which of the following is true about the correlation coefficient?