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Pharmacology by Amit Sir
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Pharmacology
Unit 110 Topics|10 Quizzes -
Unit 28 Topics
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Unit 35 Topics
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Unit 43 Topics
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Unit 59 Topics
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Unit 65 Topics
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Unit 712 Topics
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Muscarinic Receptor
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Nicotininc Receptor
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Actions Of Acetyl Choline
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Autonomic Innervation Of Eye And Effect Of Sympathetic And Parasympathetic Stimulation
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Classification Of Parasympathetic Drug
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Anticholinergic DrugsParasympatholytic Drug
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Adrenergic Transmission
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Uptake Of Catecholamines
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Adrenergic Neurohumoral Transmission
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Adrenergic Receptor
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Adrenergic Drugs And Classification
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Pharmacological Effect Of Adrenergic Drugs
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Muscarinic Receptor
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Unit 88 Topics
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Unit 911 Topics
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Unit 107 Topics
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Unit 1112 Topics
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Drugs Acting On Digestive System
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Antacids
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Prokinetics
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Laxatives And Purgatives
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Antidiarroheals
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Emetics Anti-emetics
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Carminatives And Drugs Acting On Ruminant Stomach
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Antitussive
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Expectorants
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Bronchodilators And Anti Inflammatory
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Respiratory Stimulants (Analeptics )
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MucolyticsMucokinetics And Decongestants
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Drugs Acting On Digestive System
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Unit 1211 Topics
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ToxicologyUnit 17 Topics
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Unit 29 Topics
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Unit 311 Topics
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Unit 42 Topics
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ChemotherapyUnit 110 Topics
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Unit 24 Topics
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Unit 310 Topics
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Unit 46 Topics
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Unit 53 Topics
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Sources of Drugs
Drugs can originate from natural or artificial (synthetic) sources. They may be derived from plants, animals, microorganisms, minerals, or produced through biotechnological and chemical methods.
A. Natural Sources
1. Plant Sources
- Plants have been traditional and original sources of drugs.
- Almost all parts of medicinal plants may have therapeutic value:
| Plant Part | Examples |
| Root | Sarpgandha (Rauwolfia serpentina) |
| Rhizome | Ginger, Turmeric (Haldi) |
| Bark | Cinchona, Catechu, Acacia |
| Leaves | Atropine (Belladonna), Cocaine, Physostigmine |
| Flowers | Digitalis, Chrysanthemum |
| Fruits | Papaya, Anise |
| Seeds | Nux vomica, Black pepper (Kali mirchi), Fenugreek (Methi) |
2. Animal Sources
| Category | Examples |
| Hormones | Oxytocin, Gonadotrophins, Insulin, Thyroxine |
| Vitamins | Cod liver oil, Shark liver oil (Rich in Vitamins A & D) |
| Antisera | Antisnake venom, Canine distemper antiserum |
| Others | Heparin, Liver extract, Immunoglobulins, Blood, Plasma |
3. Microbial Sources
| Microorganism | Products |
| Fungi / Actinomycetes | Antibiotics: Penicillin, Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Neomycin |
| Yeasts | Vitamin B-complex (from dried yeast) |
| Bacteria / Viruses | Used in vaccine production |
4. Mineral Sources
| Purpose | Drug / Compound |
| Antacid | Magnesium oxide, Sodium bicarbonate |
| Purgative | Magnesium sulphate |
| Expectorant | Potassium iodide |
| Diuretic | Potassium nitrate |
| Haematinic | Ferrous sulphate |
| Hypothyroidism | Iodine |
| Laxative | Liquid paraffin (mineral oil) |
B. Artificial/Synthetic Sources
1. Synthetic Drugs
- These are entirely chemically synthesized in laboratories.
- Examples:
- Antipyretics
- Barbiturates
- Tranquillizers
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Anaesthetics
- Antiseptics
- Antiprotozoals
- Antihistamines
2. Semi-Synthetic Drugs
- Derived by modifying natural drugs to enhance properties or reduce side effects.
- Examples:
- Dihydrostreptomycin (from streptomycin)
- Semi-synthetic penicillins (from natural penicillin)
- Agonists/antagonists of morphine
3. Gene Therapy
- A technique involving manipulation of gene function for treatment/prevention of disease.
- Based on recombinant DNA technology.
- Involves inserting therapeutic genes into animal or human cells.
4. Biopharmaceuticals
- Drugs produced using biotechnology, often derived from human proteins and peptides.
| Category | Examples |
| Peptides / Hormones | ADH, Oxytocin, GnRH, ACTH, TSH/TRH, Calcitonin, Insulin, Somatostatin, Growth hormone |
| Enzymes / Proteins | Streptokinase, Asparaginase, DNase, Erythropoietin, Clotting factors |
| Others | Interferons, Monoclonal antibodies, Recombinant vaccines |
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