Syllabus
2. Animal Physiology
2.1 Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion.
- Endocrine glands in health and disease.
2.2 Blood constituents – Properties and functions-blood cell formation
- Haemoglobin synthesis and chemistry, plasma proteins production, classification and properties, coagulation of blood;
- Haemorrhagic disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-Blood volume
- Plasma expanders-Buffer systems in blood.
- Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis.
2.3 Circulation – Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle, heart sounds, heartbeat, electrocardiograms.
- Work and efficiency of heart
- effect of ions on heart function
- metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and chemical regulation of heart, effect of temperature and stress on heart, blood pressure and hypertension, osmotic regulation, arterial pulse, vasomotor regulation of circulation, shock.
- Coronary and pulmonary circulation, Blood-Brain barrier- Cerebrospinal fluid- circulation in birds.
2.4 Respiration – Mechanism of respiration,
- Transport and exchange of gases -neural control of respiration-chemoreceptors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.
2.5 Excretion-Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine-methods of studying renal function
- Renal regulation of acid-base balance:
- physiological constituents of urine-renal failure-passive venous congestion
- Urinary secretion in chicken-Sweat glands and their function.
- Bio-chemical test for urinary dysfunction.
2.6 Endocrine glands – Functional disorders their symptoms and diagnosis.
- Synthesis of hormones, mechanism and control of secretion
- hormonal receptors classification and function.
2.7 Growth and Animal Production
- Prenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth curves,
- measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.
2.8 Physiology of Milk Production, Reproduction and Digestion-
- Current status of hormonal control of mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection,
- Male and Female reproductive organs, their components and functions.
- Digestive organs and their functions.
2.9 Environmental Physiology
- Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaptation,
- environmental factors and regulatory mechanisms involved in animal behaviour, climatology – various parameters and their importance.
- Animal ecology.
- Physiology of behaviour. Effect of stress on health and production.
Previous Years Questions
2019
- A radiolabelled substance was injected in vein of right forelimb of a cow and later it was detected in the artery of left forelimb. Illustrate its pathway through line diagram only.
- Explain the formation and structure of various components of chicken egg. List out various abnormalities in egg formation.
- Enlist various accessary sex glands of bull and describe the contribution of seminal vesicle to semen.
- What do you mean by acid-base balance? Explain how it is regulated by kidney.
- Describe the reflex stimulation of let-down of milk in dairy animals along with diagram.
- Enlist various hormones secreted by different reproductive organs (male and female). Write their nature, source and main functions.
2018
- Give diagrammatic representation of kidney and narrate its functions.
- Mention digestive organs and their role in food digestion in monogastric animals.
- Fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) and Fatty liver and haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS)
- Write in brief on the following:
- Blood-brain barrier
- Growth curve
- Mention different hematobiochemical tests in relation to disease diagnosis in animals.
- Write in detail the factors affecting water requirements of animals.
- Discuss various managemental practices to be adopted to ameliorate heat stress during summer for dairy cattle.
2017
- Give a diagrammatic representation of heart in relation to cardiac cycle.
- Write the general functions of blood in animal body.
- Discuss the role of endocrine glands along with their secretory hormones for cell growth.
- Discuss the process of udder development during first parturition to second parturition in buffaloes.
- Give the diagrammatic representation of reproductive system of a bull.
- What is ‘pre-natal growth’? Discuss the various factors influencing the post-natal growth in animals.
- Describe the mechanism of regulation of blood clotting and fibrinolysis by vascular endothelium.
2016
- Enlist different blood-proteins and describe their functions in brief. What organs of the body play a crucial role in blood-protein biosynthesis?
- What role is played by pulmonary circulation in the body? How are oxygen and carbon dioxide gases exchanged in this process?
- Why is maintenance of blood pressure vital? What are the various factors that influence blood pressure? Explain.
- How is urine formed? Discuss the role of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in this process.
- Briefly discuss different types of hormone receptors and their role in signal transduction.
- Explain how carbohydrates and proteins are digested in ruminant and non-ruminant animals.