Acid base and H+ regulation, correction and evolution of imbalances, total osmotic pressure

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the normal pH range of blood in animals?
   • A) 6.5 – 7.0
   • B) 7.0 – 7.4
   • C) 7.35 – 7.45
   • D) 7.5 – 7.8
     Answer: C) 7.35 – 7.45
2. Which buffer system is the primary one in extracellular fluid?
   • A) Phosphate Buffer System
   • B) Protein Buffer System
   • C) Bicarbonate Buffer System
   • D) Ammonia Buffer System
     Answer: C) Bicarbonate Buffer System
3. What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in acid-base balance?
   • A) Increase H⁺ secretion
   • B) Increase bicarbonate reabsorption
   • C) Increase water reabsorption
   • D) Decrease CO₂ levels
     Answer: C) Increase water reabsorption
4. Which condition is characterized by a pH less than 7.35?
   • A) Alkalosis
   • B) Acidosis
   • C) Hypercapnia
   • D) Hypoxia
     Answer: B) Acidosis
5. What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis?
   • A) Excessive bicarbonate retention
   • B) Increased production of acids
   • C) Decreased CO₂ elimination
   • D) Increased protein intake
     Answer: B) Increased production of acids
6. Which of the following is a common treatment for respiratory acidosis?
   • A) Administration of bicarbonate
   • B) Oxygen therapy
   • C) Improving ventilation
   • D) Fluid replacement
     Answer: C) Improving ventilation
7. What is the main contributor to colloidal osmotic pressure in the blood?
   • A) Electrolytes
   • B) Glucose
   • C) Plasma proteins
   • D) Urea
     Answer: C) Plasma proteins
8. Which of the following conditions can lead to edema?
   • A) High colloid osmotic pressure
   • B) Low colloid osmotic pressure
   • C) High blood pressure
   • D) Dehydration
     Answer: B) Low colloid osmotic pressure
9. What is the primary role of the kidneys in acid-base balance?
   • A) Produce bicarbonate
   • B) Excrete H⁺ ions and reabsorb bicarbonate
   • C) Regulate respiratory rate
   • D) Increase blood pressure
     Answer: B) Excrete H⁺ ions and reabsorb bicarbonate
10. Which laboratory test is commonly used to assess acid-base status?
    • A) Complete blood count
    • B) Serum biochemistry
    • C) Arterial blood gas analysis
    • D) Urinalysis
      Answer: C) Arterial blood gas analysis

True/False Questions

1. The bicarbonate buffer system is the primary buffer in intracellular fluid.
   Answer: False
2. Respiratory regulation of acid-base balance involves adjusting the rate of CO₂ elimination.
   Answer: True
3. Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a pH less than 7.35.
   Answer: False
4. Colloidal osmotic pressure is primarily determined by plasma proteins.
   Answer: True
5. The kidneys can produce new bicarbonate ions to help correct acidosis.
   Answer: True
6. Hyperventilation can lead to respiratory acidosis.
   Answer: False
7. Edema occurs when osmotic pressure decreases in the blood.
   Answer: True
8. The normal range for colloid osmotic pressure in animals is 10-15 mmHg.
   Answer: False
9. Acidosis can result from excessive loss of bicarbonate through diarrhea.
   Answer: True
10. The anion gap is used to identify the presence of unmeasured anions in metabolic alkalosis.
    Answer: False

Fill in the Blanks

1. The normal pH range of blood is approximately __________.
   Answer: 7.35 – 7.45
2. The primary buffer system in extracellular fluid is the __________ buffer system.
   Answer: bicarbonate
3. __________ is released from the posterior pituitary gland and increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
   Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
4. A pH less than 7.35 indicates __________.
   Answer: acidosis
5. The kidneys help maintain acid-base balance by excreting __________ ions.
   Answer: hydrogen (H⁺)
6. __________ pressure is primarily determined by plasma proteins in the blood.
   Answer: Colloidal osmotic
7. Metabolic acidosis can occur due to increased production of __________.
   Answer: acids
8. The __________ gap is calculated to identify unmeasured anions in metabolic acidosis.
   Answer: anion
9. Edema can result from low __________ osmotic pressure.
   Answer: colloidal
10. The kidneys can reabsorb __________ to help correct acidosis.
    Answer: bicarbonate