Clinical aspects of endocrine, Neurophysiology of behaviours, and types of behaviour.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis regulates:
   a) Digestive functions
   b) Reproductive functions
   c) Respiratory functions
   d) Circulatory functionsAnswer: b) Reproductive functions
2. Which hormone stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland?
   a) Estrogen
   b) GnRH
   c) Testosterone
   d) ProgesteroneAnswer: b) GnRH
3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) primarily promotes:
   a) Ovulation
   b) Follicular development
   c) Sperm production
   d) Milk productionAnswer: b) Follicular development
4. Melatonin is secreted by which gland?
   a) Pituitary gland
   b) Thyroid gland
   c) Pineal gland
   d) Adrenal glandAnswer: c) Pineal gland
5. Innate behavior is characterized as:
   a) Learned through experience
   b) Genetically programmed
   c) Socially influenced
   d) Environmentally dependentAnswer: b) Genetically programmed
6. Classical conditioning involves:
   a) Learning through observation
   b) Associating stimuli
   c) Reinforcement and punishment
   d) Genetic predispositionAnswer: b) Associating stimuli
7. Behavioral plasticity refers to:
   a) Fixed behaviors in response to stimuli
   b) Modification of behavior due to environmental changes
   c) Genetic mutations affecting behavior
   d) Inherited traits onlyAnswer: b) Modification of behavior due to environmental changes
8. Which type of learning involves reinforcement or punishment?
   a) Observational learning
   b) Classical conditioning
   c) Operant conditioning
   d) Innate behaviorAnswer: c) Operant conditioning
9. Communication in animals can occur through:
   a) Visual signals only
   b) Multiple sensory modalities (visual, auditory, olfactory)
   c) Only vocalizations
   d) Only physical contactAnswer: b) Multiple sensory modalities (visual, auditory, olfactory)
10. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN):
    a) Regulates digestion
    b) Acts as the master clock for circadian rhythms
    c) Controls heart rate
    d) Influences immune responseAnswer: b) Acts as the master clock for circadian rhythms

True or False Questions

1. The HPG axis is involved in regulating metabolic processes.Answer: False
2. GnRH is responsible for stimulating the release of FSH and LH.Answer: True
3. Melatonin plays a role in regulating circadian rhythms.Answer: True
4. Learned behaviors are innate and do not require experience.Answer: False
5. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli.Answer: True
6. Behavioral plasticity allows animals to adapt their behavior based on environmental changes.Answer: True
7. The pineal gland produces testosterone.Answer: False
8. Operant conditioning is based on reinforcement or punishment.Answer: True
9. Communication in animals occurs only through vocalizations.Answer: False
10. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles.Answer: True

Fill in the Blanks

1. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis regulates __________ functions.Answer: reproductive
2. GnRH stimulates the release of __________ and LH from the pituitary gland.Answer: FSH
3. Melatonin is secreted by the __________ gland.Answer: pineal
4. __________ behavior is genetically programmed and species-specific.Answer: Innate
5. Classical conditioning involves associating two __________.Answer: stimuli
6. Behavioral plasticity refers to the ability to modify behavior in response to __________ changes.Answer: environmental
7. __________ conditioning involves learning through reinforcement or punishment.Answer: Operant
8. Communication can occur through visual, auditory, and __________ signals.Answer: olfactory
9. The suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as the body’s master __________.Answer: clock
10. Learning that occurs by observing others is called __________ learning.Answer: observational