Fluid, water balance, fluid therapy, dehydration, water concentration mechanisms

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What percentage of total body water is found in the extracellular fluid compartment?
   • A) 25%
   • B) 33%
   • C) 50%
   • D) 75%
     Answer: B) 33%
2. Which of the following is the primary route of water intake in animals?
   • A) Food moisture
   • B) Metabolic water
   • C) Drinking water
   • D) Intravenous fluids
     Answer: C) Drinking water
3. What is the main function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
   • A) Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
   • B) Stimulates thirst
   • C) Regulates electrolyte balance
   • D) Increases urine output
     Answer: A) Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
4. Which type of fluid is used for rapid volume expansion in animals?
   • A) Isotonic crystalloid
   • B) Hypotonic crystalloid
   • C) Hypertonic crystalloid
   • D) Synthetic colloid
     Answer: C) Hypertonic crystalloid
5. What is the most common route for fluid administration in animals?
   • A) Subcutaneous
   • B) Intravenous
   • C) Intraosseous
   • D) Oral
     Answer: B) Intravenous
6. Which of the following is a clinical sign of severe dehydration in animals?
   • A) Slightly dry mucous membranes
   • B) Moderate skin tenting
   • C) Lethargy
   • D) Hypotension
     Answer: D) Hypotension
7. What is the primary function of the loop of Henle in urine concentration?
   • A) Establishes a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium
   • B) Increases water permeability in the collecting duct
   • C) Actively transports sodium and chloride out of the filtrate
   • D) Passively reabsorbs urea
     Answer: A) Establishes a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium
8. Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism in animals?
   • A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
   • B) Aldosterone
   • C) Renin
   • D) Angiotensin II
     Answer: A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
9. What is the main purpose of fluid therapy in animals?
   • A) Maintenance of fluid balance
   • B) Correction of acid-base disturbances
   • C) Treatment of dehydration
   • D) All of the above
     Answer: D) All of the above
10. Which of the following is a synthetic colloid used in fluid therapy?
    • A) Albumin
    • B) Hydroxyethyl starch (HES)
    • C) Dextran
    • D) All of the above
      Answer: D) All of the above

True/False Questions

1. Total body water percentage is higher in neonates compared to adults.
   Answer: True
2. Urine is the major route for water excretion in animals.
   Answer: True
3. Hypotonic crystalloids are used for rapid volume expansion.
   Answer: False
4. Subcutaneous fluid administration allows for slower absorption compared to intravenous.
   Answer: True
5. Packed cell volume (PCV) and total solids (TS) can indicate dehydration in animals.
   Answer: True
6. Vomiting is a common cause of dehydration in animals.
   Answer: True
7. Countercurrent exchange occurs in the loop of Henle.
   Answer: False
8. Antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability in the proximal convoluted tubule.
   Answer: False
9. Uremia is characterized by the accumulation of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure.
   Answer: True
10. Fluid therapy should be standardized for all animals regardless of their condition.
    Answer: False

Fill in the Blanks

1. The intracellular fluid compartment comprises approximately __________ of total body water.
   Answer: two-thirds
2. __________ is the primary source of fluid intake in animals.
   Answer: Drinking water
3. __________ is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to increased plasma osmolality.
   Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
4. __________ is a hypotonic crystalloid solution used for fluid therapy.
   Answer: 0.45% saline
5. The __________ route allows for the most rapid fluid absorption in animals.
   Answer: intravenous
6. Skin tenting is a physical examination finding used to assess __________ in animals.
   Answer: dehydration
7. The __________ limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water.
   Answer: descending
8. __________ is a natural colloid used in fluid therapy.
   Answer: Albumin
9. Fluid therapy should be __________ based on the animal’s condition and underlying diseases.
   Answer: individualized
10. __________ is a clinical syndrome characterized by the accumulation of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure.
    Answer: Uremia