Functional and metabolic organization of mammary glands structure and development

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Mammary glands consist of:
   a) Alveoli, ducts, and connective tissue
   b) Ducts, lobules, and connective tissue
   c) Lobules, alveoli, and ducts
   d) Lobules, ducts, and epithelial cellsAnswer: b) Ducts, lobules, and connective tissue
2. Estrogens stimulate:
   a) Alveolar development
   b) Ductal growth and branching
   c) Milk protein synthesis
   d) Milk ejectionAnswer: b) Ductal growth and branching
3. Progesterone supports:
   a) Ductal growth
   b) Epithelial cell proliferation
   c) Alveolar development
   d) LactogenesisAnswer: c) Alveolar development
4. Which hormone is essential for lactogenesis?
   a) Oxytocin
   b) Growth hormone
   c) Prolactin
   d) Placental lactogenAnswer: c) Prolactin
5. Milk ejection is triggered by:
   a) Prolactin release
   b) Suckling stimuli
   c) Oxytocin release
   d) Suckling stimuli leading to oxytocin releaseAnswer: d) Suckling stimuli leading to oxytocin release
6. Casein and whey proteins are synthesized under the influence of:
   a) Estrogens
   b) Progesterone
   c) Prolactin and glucocorticoids
   d) Growth hormoneAnswer: c) Prolactin and glucocorticoids
7. Lactose is synthesized from:
   a) Fatty acids and glycerol
   b) Glucose and galactose
   c) Amino acids
   d) Sucrose and fructoseAnswer: b) Glucose and galactose
8. Genetic selection can enhance:
   a) Feed efficiency
   b) Growth rates
   c) Milk production
   d) All of the aboveAnswer: d) All of the above
9. Stressors such as temperature can affect:
   a) Feed intake
   b) Metabolism
   c) Nutrient absorption
   d) All of the aboveAnswer: d) All of the above
10. Disease can impair growth efficiency through:
    a) Reduced feed intake
    b) Reduced nutrient absorption
    c) Both a and b
    d) Neither a nor bAnswer: c) Both a and b

True or False Questions

1. Mammary glands develop only during pregnancy.Answer: False
2. Estrogens inhibit ductal growth and branching.Answer: False
3. Progesterone promotes lactogenesis during pregnancy.Answer: False
4. Oxytocin facilitates milk ejection during suckling.Answer: True
5. Prolactin levels increase in response to suckling stimuli.Answer: True
6. Lipids in milk are produced from amino acids.Answer: False
7. Genetic factors do not influence growth efficiency.Answer: False
8. Environmental conditions do not affect feed intake.Answer: False
9. Disease can impair growth efficiency through reduced nutrient absorption.Answer: True
10. Hormonal regulation does not influence metabolic processes affecting growth.Answer: False

Fill in the Blanks

1. Mammary glands consist of lobules, ducts, and connective tissue.
2. Estrogens stimulate ductal growth and branching.
3. Progesterone supports the development of alveoli.
4. Prolactin is essential for lactogenesis.
5. Oxytocin facilitates milk ejection during suckling.
6. Casein and whey proteins are synthesized under the influence of prolactin and glucocorticoids.
7. Lipids in milk are produced from fatty acids and glycerol.
8. Lactose is synthesized from glucose and galactose.
9. Genetic selection can enhance feed efficiency and growth rates.
10. Disease can impair growth efficiency through reduced feed intake and nutrient absorption.