Genetic, endocrine control of gonadal development, maternal foetal placental participation in pregnancy

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers:
   a) Ovarian development
   b) Testis development (Correct Answer)
   c) Adrenal gland development
   d) Pituitary gland development
2. Which hormone is essential for maintaining pregnancy?
   a) Estrogen
   b) Testosterone
   c) Progesterone (Correct Answer)
   d) Relaxin
3. The hypothalamus releases:
   a) FSH
   b) LH
   c) GnRH (Correct Answer)
   d) Oxytocin
4. Which of the following is not a stage of follicular development?
   a) Primordial follicle
   b) Primary follicle
   c) Secondary follicle
   d) Tertiary follicle (Correct Answer)
5. The first postpartum estrus in cattle can occur within:
   a) 7 days
   b) 14 days
   c) 30 days (Correct Answer)
   d) 60 days
6. Capacitation occurs in the:
   a) Ovary
   b) Oviduct (Correct Answer)
   c) Uterus
   d) Female reproductive tract
7. Which hormone is produced by the placenta?
   a) FSH
   b) LH
   c) hCG (Correct Answer)
   d) GnRH
8. Regulatory T cells play a key role in:
   a) Suppressing maternal immune response to fetal antigens (Correct Answer)
   b) Promoting maternal immune response to fetal antigens
   c) Causing maternal immune rejection of the fetus
   d) None of the above
9. Prostaglandins cause:
   a) Uterine contractions (Correct Answer)
   b) Cervical dilation
   c) Both a and b
   d) Neither a nor b
10. Monitoring hormonal profiles can help predict:
    a) Parturition timing (Correct Answer)
    b) Postpartum complications
    c) Both a and b
    d) Neither a nor b

True or False Questions

1. The SRY gene is present on the X chromosome.
   False (Correct Answer)
2. GnRH is released in a pulsatile manner from the hypothalamus.
   True (Correct Answer)
3. Estrogen inhibits FSH release.
   True (Correct Answer)
4. Ovulation occurs during the diestrus phase of the estrous cycle.
   False (Correct Answer)
5. Ciliary action in the oviduct helps move the ovum toward the uterus.
   True (Correct Answer)
6. Progesterone levels decrease towards parturition.
   True (Correct Answer)
7. The placenta produces relaxin.
   True (Correct Answer)
8. Maternal immune tolerance towards fetal antigens is not critical for successful gestation.
   False (Correct Answer)
9. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor.
   True (Correct Answer)
10. Monitoring hormonal profiles cannot help identify at-risk pregnancies.
    False (Correct Answer)

Fill in the Blanks

1. The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testis development.
2. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is central to gonadal development.
3. The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses are critical for effective gonadotrophin release.
4. The secondary follicle is characterized by increased granulosa cell layers during follicular development.
5. The corpus luteum forms from the remnants of the follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone.
6. The estrus phase is marked by peak estrogen levels and behavioral changes indicating receptivity.
7. Hormonal assays measuring progesterone can be used for early pregnancy diagnosis in animals.
8. The placenta produces hormones such as hCG to support luteal function early in pregnancy.
9. Prostaglandins cause cervical dilation during parturition.
10. Monitoring hormonal profiles can help predict parturition timing and identify potential complications during labor.