Heart- morphological characteristic, systemic excitability conduction and transmission processes

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Where is the heart located in the body?
   • A) Abdominal cavity
   • B) Thoracic cavity
   • C) Pelvic cavity
   • D) Cranial cavity
     Answer: B) Thoracic cavity
2. What is the shape of the heart?
   • A) Square
   • B) Cone-shaped
   • C) Cylindrical
   • D) Flat
     Answer: B) Cone-shaped
3. Which chambers of the heart receive blood?
   • A) Atria
   • B) Ventricles
   • C) Valves
   • D) Septum
     Answer: A) Atria
4. What prevents backflow of blood into the atria?
   • A) Semilunar valves
   • B) Atrioventricular valves
   • C) Coronary arteries
   • D) Septum
     Answer: B) Atrioventricular valves
5. What is the thick middle layer of the heart wall called?
   • A) Endocardium
   • B) Epicardium
   • C) Myocardium
   • D) Pericardium
     Answer: C) Myocardium
6. Which node is known as the primary pacemaker of the heart?
   • A) Atrioventricular (AV) Node
   • B) Bundle of His
   • C) Sinoatrial (SA) Node
   • D) Purkinje Fibers
     Answer: C) Sinoatrial (SA) Node
7. What occurs during the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?
   • A) The heart pumps blood out
   • B) The heart chambers fill with blood
   • C) The ventricles contract
   • D) Blood is ejected from the heart
     Answer: B) The heart chambers fill with blood
8. What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?
   • A) CO = Heart Rate + Stroke Volume
   • B) CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
   • C) CO = Heart Rate / Stroke Volume
   • D) CO = Stroke Volume – Heart Rate
     Answer: B) CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
9. Which circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?
   • A) Pulmonary circulation
   • B) Systemic circulation
   • C) Coronary circulation
   • D) Renal circulation
     Answer: C) Coronary circulation
10. What is the first heart sound (S1) associated with?
    • A) Closure of semilunar valves
    • B) Closure of atrioventricular valves
    • C) Ventricular contraction
    • D) Atrial contraction
      Answer: B) Closure of atrioventricular valves
11. What causes heart murmurs?
    • A) Normal blood flow
    • B) Turbulent blood flow
    • C) Increased heart rate
    • D) Decreased blood pressure
      Answer: B) Turbulent blood flow
12. What influences blood flow resistance?
    • A) Vessel length
    • B) Vessel diameter
    • C) Blood viscosity
    • D) All of the above
      Answer: D) All of the above
13. Which part of the nervous system increases heart rate and contractility?
    • A) Parasympathetic Nervous System
    • B) Sympathetic Nervous System
    • C) Central Nervous System
    • D) Enteric Nervous System
      Answer: B) Sympathetic Nervous System
14. What is the role of baroreceptors?
    • A) Detect oxygen levels
    • B) Sense blood pressure
    • C) Regulate heart rate
    • D) Control blood flow
      Answer: B) Sense blood pressure
15. What happens to cardiac output during exercise?
    • A) Decreases
    • B) Remains the same
    • C) Increases
    • D) Fluctuates randomly
      Answer: C) Increases
16. Which valve prevents backflow into the right ventricle?
    • A) Aortic valve
    • B) Pulmonary valve
    • C) Tricuspid valve
    • D) Mitral valve
      Answer: B) Pulmonary valve
17. What is the function of the epicardium?
    • A) Protects the heart
    • B) Pumps blood
    • C) Lines the heart chambers
    • D) Connects the heart to blood vessels
      Answer: A) Protects the heart
18. What is the primary function of the heart?
    • A) To filter blood
    • B) To pump blood throughout the body
    • C) To produce hormones
    • D) To regulate temperature
      Answer: B) To pump blood throughout the body
19. What type of blood is pumped from the left ventricle?
    • A) Deoxygenated blood
    • B) Oxygenated blood
    • C) Mixed blood
    • D) Nutrient-rich blood
      Answer: B) Oxygenated blood
20. Which structure separates the left and right sides of the heart?
    • A) Septum
    • B) Valve
    • C) Atria
    • D) Ventricle
      Answer: A) Septum

Fill in the Blanks

1. The heart is located in the __________ cavity, between the lungs.
   Answer: Thoracic
2. The heart has a __________ shape with a broad base and a pointed apex.
   Answer: Cone
3. The upper chambers of the heart are called __________.
   Answer: Atria
4. The __________ valves prevent backflow into the atria.
   Answer: Atrioventricular
5. The thick middle layer of the heart wall is known as the __________.
   Answer: Myocardium
6. The __________ node is the primary pacemaker of the heart.
   Answer: Sinoatrial (SA)
7. During __________, the heart chambers fill with blood.
   Answer: Diastole
8. The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is called __________.
   Answer: Cardiac Output (CO)
9. The __________ arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself.
   Answer: Coronary
10. The first heart sound (S1) occurs due to the closure of the __________ valves.
    Answer: Atrioventricular
11. Blood flow is determined by pressure gradients and __________.
    Answer: Resistance
12. The __________ nervous system increases heart rate and contractility.
    Answer: Sympathetic
13. Baroreceptors are located in the __________ and sense blood pressure.
    Answer: Aortic sinus
14. During exercise, cardiac output __________ to supply muscles with more oxygen.
    Answer: Increases
15. The __________ separates the left and right sides of the heart.
    Answer: Septum
16. The outer layer of the heart is called the __________.
    Answer: Epicardium
17. The left ventricle pumps __________ blood to the body.
    Answer: Oxygenated
18. The __________ phase of the cardiac cycle involves ventricular contraction.
    Answer: Systole
19. The __________ valve prevents backflow into the right ventricle.
    Answer: Pulmonary
20. The __________ is responsible for the rhythmic contraction of the heart.
    Answer: Cardiac conduction system

True/False Questions

1. The heart is located in the abdominal cavity.
   Answer: False
2. The apex of the heart points downward and lies close to the sternum.
   Answer: True
3. The left atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
   Answer: False
4. The myocardium is the thick middle layer of the heart wall.
   Answer: True
5. The sinoatrial node is responsible for relaying impulses to the ventricles.
   Answer: False
6. During diastole, the heart chambers fill with blood.
   Answer: True
7. Cardiac output is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.
   Answer: True
8. Coronary circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the lungs.
   Answer: False
9. Heart murmurs are abnormal sounds caused by turbulent blood flow.
   Answer: True
10. Resistance to blood flow is influenced by vessel diameter and length.
    Answer: True
11. The sympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate.
    Answer: False
12. Baroreceptors help regulate blood pressure.
    Answer: True
13. The left ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the body.
    Answer: False
14. The epicardium is the innermost layer of the heart.
    Answer: False
15. The aortic valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle.
    Answer: True
16. The heart beats approximately 100,000 times a day.
    Answer: True
17. The pulmonary valve is located on the left side of the heart.
    Answer: False
18. The septum separates the atria from the ventricles.
    Answer: False
19. The heart’s primary function is to pump blood throughout the body.
    Answer: True
20. The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a closed fist.
    Answer: True