Kidney- Functional morphology of nephrons, methods of studying renal functions

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the primary function of the nephron?
   • A) Hormone production
   • B) Filtration and reabsorption of blood
   • C) Blood cell production
   • D) Nutrient absorption
     Answer: B) Filtration and reabsorption of blood
2. Which part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of filtrate reabsorption?
   • A) Loop of Henle
   • B) Distal convoluted tubule
   • C) Proximal convoluted tubule
   • D) Collecting duct
     Answer: C) Proximal convoluted tubule
3. What is the gold standard for measuring Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
   • A) Creatinine clearance
   • B) Inulin clearance
   • C) PAH clearance
   • D) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
     Answer: B) Inulin clearance
4. Which hormone increases water permeability in the collecting duct?
   • A) Aldosterone
   • B) Renin
   • C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
   • D) Angiotensin II
     Answer: C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
5. What is the primary site of sodium reabsorption in the nephron?
   • A) Loop of Henle
   • B) Proximal convoluted tubule
   • C) Distal convoluted tubule
   • D) Collecting duct
     Answer: B) Proximal convoluted tubule
6. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for acid-base balance in the kidneys?
   • A) Glomerular filtration
   • B) Ammonium excretion
   • C) Water reabsorption
   • D) Electrolyte balance
     Answer: B) Ammonium excretion
7. What does the term “glomerulo-tubular balance” refer to?
   • A) Regulation of blood pressure
   • B) Consistent reabsorption of a percentage of filtered water and solutes
   • C) The process of urine storage
   • D) The relationship between glomerular and tubular function
     Answer: B) Consistent reabsorption of a percentage of filtered water and solutes
8. What is the primary cause of uremia?
   • A) Excessive hydration
   • B) Kidney failure
   • C) Liver dysfunction
   • D) High protein diet
     Answer: B) Kidney failure
9. Which of the following is a method for studying renal function?
   • A) Electrocardiogram
   • B) Micropuncture studies
   • C) X-ray imaging
   • D) Endoscopy
     Answer: B) Micropuncture studies
10. What is the primary role of the vasa recta in the kidney?
    • A) Filtration of blood
    • B) Concentration of urine
    • C) Blood supply to the renal cortex
    • D) Regulation of blood pressure
      Answer: B) Concentration of urine

True/False Questions

1. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
   Answer: True
2. Glomerular filtration is primarily influenced by hydrostatic pressure.
   Answer: True
3. The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
   Answer: False
4. Creatinine clearance is a more accurate measure of GFR than inulin clearance.
   Answer: False
5. ADH is responsible for increasing sodium reabsorption in the nephron.
   Answer: False
6. Uremia is characterized by the accumulation of waste products in the blood.
   Answer: True
7. The proximal convoluted tubule is primarily responsible for the secretion of potassium.
   Answer: False
8. Countercurrent multiplication occurs in the Loop of Henle.
   Answer: True
9. Renal plasma flow can be measured using para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance.
   Answer: True
10. The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.
    Answer: False

Fill in the Blanks

1. The functional unit of the kidney is the __________.
   Answer: nephron
2. The __________ is the site of the majority of filtrate reabsorption.
   Answer: proximal convoluted tubule
3. The gold standard for measuring GFR is __________ clearance.
   Answer: inulin
4. __________ hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.
   Answer: Antidiuretic (ADH)
5. The __________ limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to water.
   Answer: descending
6. The kidneys help maintain acid-base balance through the excretion of __________.
   Answer: ammonium
7. Glomerulo-tubular balance refers to the consistent reabsorption of a percentage of __________ and solutes.
   Answer: filtered water
8. The primary cause of __________ is kidney failure leading to the accumulation of waste products.
   Answer: uremia
9. The __________ recta plays a crucial role in urine concentration.
   Answer: vasa
10. Micropuncture studies are one of the methods used to study __________ function.
    Answer: renal