Regulation of bone metabolism and homeostasis, mechanisms-metabolism of hormones

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?
   • A) Calcitonin
   • B) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
   • C) Vitamin D
   • D) Estrogen
     Answer: B) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
2. What is the primary function of calcitonin?
   • A) Increase blood glucose levels
   • B) Decrease blood calcium levels
   • C) Stimulate red blood cell production
   • D) Promote growth hormone secretion
     Answer: B) Decrease blood calcium levels
3. Which hormone is responsible for promoting intestinal absorption of calcium?
   • A) PTH
   • B) Calcitonin
   • C) Vitamin D
   • D) Growth Hormone
     Answer: C) Vitamin D
4. What type of hormone binds to intracellular receptors?
   • A) Water-soluble hormones
   • B) Lipid-soluble hormones
   • C) Peptide hormones
   • D) Amino acid-derived hormones
     Answer: B) Lipid-soluble hormones
5. Which gland produces erythropoietin?
   • A) Thyroid gland
   • B) Adrenal gland
   • C) Pineal gland
   • D) Kidney
     Answer: D) Kidney
6. What is the primary role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
   • A) Increase blood pressure
   • B) Promote sodium excretion
   • C) Stimulate insulin secretion
   • D) Enhance bone resorption
     Answer: B) Promote sodium excretion
7. Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
   • A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
   • B) Oxytocin
   • C) Growth hormone (GH)
   • D) Calcitonin
     Answer: C) Growth hormone (GH)
8. What is the function of prostaglandins?
   • A) Regulate metabolism
   • B) Act as local hormones involved in inflammation
   • C) Stimulate growth
   • D) Control blood sugar levels
     Answer: B) Act as local hormones involved in inflammation
9. Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism?
   • A) Insulin
   • B) Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
   • C) Cortisol
   • D) Erythropoietin
     Answer: B) Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
10. What condition is characterized by excessive PTH secretion?
    • A) Hypoparathyroidism
    • B) Hyperparathyroidism
    • C) Osteoporosis
    • D) Thyroiditis
      Answer: B) Hyperparathyroidism

True/False Questions

1. Estrogen inhibits osteoclast activity.
   Answer: True
2. The kidneys produce calcitonin.
   Answer: False
3. Growth hormone promotes the proliferation of chondrocytes in growth plates.
   Answer: True
4. Pheromones are hormones that act within the same individual.
   Answer: False
5. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin and activated in the kidneys.
   Answer: True
6. The pineal gland produces thyroid hormones.
   Answer: False
7. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) decreases blood volume and pressure.
   Answer: True
8. Prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels.
   Answer: False
9. Thymosin is produced by the thyroid gland.
   Answer: False
10. Hypoparathyroidism results in high blood calcium levels.
    Answer: False

Fill in the Blanks

1. The hormone that increases blood calcium levels is __________.
   Answer: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
2. __________ is produced by the thyroid gland and decreases blood calcium levels.
   Answer: Calcitonin
3. The active form of vitamin D is known as __________.
   Answer: Calcitriol
4. Hormones that bind to cell surface receptors are typically __________-soluble.
   Answer: water
5. __________ is produced by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production.
   Answer: Erythropoietin
6. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes __________ excretion.
   Answer: sodium
7. The anterior pituitary gland secretes __________ hormone, which stimulates growth.
   Answer: growth
8. Prostaglandins are local hormones involved in __________ and smooth muscle contraction.
   Answer: inflammation
9. The __________ gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism.
   Answer: thyroid

10. Hyperparathyroidism leads to __________ blood calcium levels.
Answer: elevated