Unit 2 Animal Nutrition

Overview

Energy requirements for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation, egg, wool, and meat production, Latest advances in protein nutrition, Energy protein interrelationships and Evaluation of protein quality. Use of NPN compounds in ruminant diets and Protein requirements for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation, egg, wool and meat production

Topics for Unit-2

1. Energy Requirements

• Maintenance Energy Requirements: Discusses the energy needed by animals to sustain basic physiological functions without growth, reproduction, or lactation. It includes specific energy needs for cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry.
• Methods to Determine Maintenance Energy: Covers techniques like calorimetry, feeding trials, regression analysis, and slaughter experiments to estimate energy requirements.
• Energy Requirements for Growth: Describes the energy needed for growth in farm animals and birds, highlighting differences in energy needs for cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry.
• Energy Requirements for Reproduction/Pregnancy/Lactation: Explores how energy needs change during pregnancy and lactation for cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, including calculations for energy requirements.
• Energy Requirements for Egg and Wool Production: Details the energy needed for egg production in poultry and wool production in sheep.
• Energy Requirements for Meat Production: Discusses energy needs for meat production in pigs and broiler chickens.

2. Protein Nutrition

• Latest Advances in Protein Nutrition: Discusses precision nutrition, amino acid balancing, alternative protein sources, functional peptides, and nutrigenomics.
• Energy-Protein Interrelationships: Examines the balance between energy and protein in ruminants, including interactions in the rumen and nutrient partitioning.
• Calorie-Protein Ratio in Poultry Nutrition: Explains the importance of the calorie-protein ratio for growth, energy utilization, egg production, and protein synthesis in poultry.
• Evaluation of Protein Quality: Covers methods like chemical evaluation, biological experiments, and protein evaluation in ruminants to assess protein quality.
• Use of Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN) Compounds: Discusses the role of NPN compounds like urea in ruminant diets, including their mechanism of utilization and feeding methods.

3. Protein Requirements

• Protein Requirements for Maintenance: Details the protein needs for maintaining animals like cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry.
• Protein Requirements for Growth: Describes protein needs for growth in poultry, swine, cattle, and sheep/goats.
• Protein Requirements for Reproduction and Lactation: Explores protein needs during reproduction and lactation for poultry, swine, cattle, sheep, and goats.
• Protein Requirements for Wool and Meat Production: Provides guidelines for protein levels in diets for wool production in sheep and meat production in poultry and swine.

UPSC-PYQs

1. Explain the measures of protein quality of simple stomach (monogastric) animals. (2009)
2. Write a short note on Utilization of non- protein nitrogen compounds in cows. (2010)
3. What is an NPN compound? Write the mechanism of NPN utilization in ruminants. (2013)
4. Describe the methods to determine the energy requirements for maintenance in adult animals? (2019). 
5. Discuss the methods for estimation of protein requirements for maintenance of bullocks? (2015)
6. Describe the methods for estimation of protein requirements for maintenance in adult cattle? (2020)
7. Enlist the various measures for evaluation of protein quality for monogastric animals and describe the biological value method? (2022)
8. Describe the methods for evaluation of protein quality in ruminant animals? (2023).
9. Differentiate between net protein utilization and net protein value? (2017)
10. Differentiate between protein efficiency ratio and net protein utilization? (2018)
11. What is an NPN compound ? Write the mechanism of NPN utilization in ruminants? (2013)
12. Explain the factors affecting efficient utilization of NPN compounds in ruminant diets? (2019)
13. How are NPN substances utilized in ruminant animals ? Enumerate the factors which affect the urea utilization in cattle? (2020)
14. Write a short note on protein- energy interrelationship? (2020)
15. Describe the importance of calorie- protein ratio in poultry? (2021)
16. How to calculate the protein requirement of growing calves? Discuss. (2021)

Notes and Presentation